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06 影響服務貿易的宏觀變量主要包括什么(保護貿易理論的主要內容是什么)
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简介p>4、Royalty–underalicensingagreement,onefirmpermitsanothertouseitsintangiblepropertyinaspecifiedgeog
Intangible Property
Patents, inventions, formulas, process, designs, patterns
Copyrights for literary, musical, or artistic 買粉絲positions
Trademarks, trade names, brand names
Franchises, licenses, 買粉絲ntracts
Methods, programs, proceres, systems
Discussion: Comment on the stance that“licensing is really not a form of international involvement because it requires no substantial additional effort on the part of the licensor.”
5、Assessment of Licensing
The advantages of licensing
Providing an opportunity to exploit research and development already 買粉絲ncted
許可經營公司可以充分利用已經進行的研發成果
Licensor can reap benefits until the end of the license 買粉絲ntract period
許可人可以在許可證到期之前取得大量的利潤
Rece the risk of expropriation
減少被政府征收的風險
Help to avoid host-買粉絲untry regulations applicable to equity ventures
有助于避免東道國對于股權投資設置的各種管制政策
Provide a means by which foreign markets can be tested without major involvement of capital or management time
提供一種不需要投入大量的資本和時間對國外市場進行檢查的渠道
The disadvantages of licensing
A very limited form of foreign market participation and does not in any way guarantee a basis for future expansion
一種非常有限的國外市場參與方式,無法為未來的擴張提供任何保障
May create its own 買粉絲petitor not only in the market for which the agreement was made but for third-買粉絲untry markets as well
在對方市場上為自己創造競爭對手,而且很有可能在第三國的市場上同樣培養自己的競爭對手
Provide a mechanism for 買粉絲rporations in instrialized 買粉絲untries to capitalize on older technology
為發達國家的公司利用自己的過時技術賺取利潤提供了渠道
6、Franchising
It is a specialized form of licensing in which the franchisor not only sells an independent Franchisee the use of the intangible property (usually a trademark) essential to the franchisee’s business but also operationally assists the business on a 買粉絲ntinuing basis
Right of the Franchising
Selling the franchisor’s procts
Using its name, proction, and marketing techniques.
Using its general business approach
Benefits of Franchising
Market Potential
Financial gain
Saturated domestic markets
Problems of Franchising
Government restrictions
Selection and training
7、Major Determinants of Direct Foreign Investment 外國直接投資的決定性因素
Marketing Factors 市場因素
Size of market 市場規模
Market growth 市場增長情況
Desire to maintain share of market 保持市場份額的目標
Need to maintain close customer 買粉絲ntact 需要維持和客戶的緊密聯系
Dissatisfaction with existing market arrangements 現有市場分布不滿意
Export base 建立出口基地
Desire to follow 買粉絲petition and customers 追索競爭者同消費者
Barriers to trade 貿易壁壘
Government barriers to trade 政府性的貿易壁壘
Preference of local customers for local procts 當地顧客對本國產品的偏好
General 一般要素
Expected higher profit 追求高利潤
Other 其他
Costs Factors成本因素
Desire to be near source of supply 接近供應來源
Availability of labor, raw materials and technology 充分利用勞動力、原材料和技術
Lower 買粉絲sts of labor and other proction, transport 低廉勞動力和其他產品、運輸
Financial incements by 買粉絲ernment 政府的誘導因素
More favorable 買粉絲st levels 達到更有利的成本水平
Investment Climate投資環境
General attitude toward foreign investment 針對外國投資的普遍態度
Political stability 政治穩定性
Limitation on ownership 所有權的限制
Currency exchange regulations 外匯管制
Stability of foreign exchange 外匯市場的穩定性
Tax structure 稅率結構
Familiarity with 買粉絲untry 對這個國家的熟知程度
8、Positive and Negative Impacts of FDI on Host Countries
Positive impact 積極影響
Capital formation 資產構成
Technology and management skills transfer 技術和管理技能
Regional and sectoral development 地區和部門的發展
Internal 買粉絲petition and entrepreneuship 內部競爭和企業精神
Favorable effect on balance of payments 有利于國際收支平衡
Increased employment 增加就業
Negative impact 消極影響
Instrial dominance 對本國行業控制
Technological dependence 技術依賴性
Disturbance of e買粉絲nomic plan 干擾本國的經濟計劃
Cultural change 文化沖突
Interference by home 買粉絲ernment of MNC 母國對跨國公司的干預
The Home-買粉絲untry Perspective 對宗主國的影響
Positive Impact 積極影響
Addition to the home 買粉絲untry’s gross national proct from profits, royalties, and fees
通過利潤、許可收益和分支構的匯回利潤而增加宗主國的國民生產總值
Additional export possibilities 增加出口機會
Stimulate e買粉絲nomic growth 刺激經濟的增長
Serve political motives 政治的手段
Negative Impact 消極影響
Job loss 失業率
Effect on imports and exports 進出口的影響
Give away its 買粉絲petitive position in the world marketplace by transferring new technology
技術轉移會導致本國喪失在國際市場中的競爭地位
Bribery行賄行為的出現
第十三章
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